|
|
Temporally and spatially resolved diagnostics of an electric arc
Holcner, Oldřich ; Šimek, David (referee) ; Kloc, Petr (advisor)
This batchelor thesis "Temporally and spatially resolved diagnostics of an electric arc" deals with the investigation of plasma temperature in an arc formed by evaporation of copper wire. It is an optical method based on determination of temperature from intensity of spectral lines. In this batchelor thesis we explain how spectral lines are formed and how to determine the temperature. In the practical part we process discharge and show the time evolution of temperature at the measured points.
|
|
|
Electrical characteristics of gliding discharge for VOC decomposition
Jeřábek, Martin ; Sysel, Petr (referee) ; Bartlová, Milada (advisor)
The subject of this bachelor's thesis was to get familiar with the characteristics of plasma, its divisinon and diagnostics. In physics and chemismy plasma is considered to be, an ionized gas composed of ions, electrons (and possibly neutral atoms and molecules), which is produced by detachement of electrons from the atomic shell, or by dissociation and ionization of molecules. The plasma is often referred as the fourth state of matter. Attention was given to the description of various types of electric discharge, its characteristics and occurrence. One of the most idey known electrical discharges occurring in nature is lightning, a spark discharge, which occurs in the storm. Lightning is an electric discharge between centres of positive and negative charge of one or more clouds, between cloud and earth, or rarely between the cloud and the stratosphere. The greatest attention is paid mainly to gliding electric arc discharge, called Glide-Arc; it is a representative of on-thermal plasma formed by weakly ionized gas. It has many industrial applications, especially for its high energy efficiency, specific productivity and high selectivity of chemical reactions. Under low and atmospheric pressure, Glide-Arc represents a simple and non-expensive way of non-thermal plasma generation. The discharge is excited between two electrodes of different materials in the pressure range from very low pressures up to the pressures of the order of units of MPa. The gliding arc system consist of horn-gaps electrodes diverging in the direction of the working gas flow. After the application of DC or AC voltage, a breakdown occurs at the smallest distance between the electrodes, and a spark plasma channel drifts (“glides“) in the direction of the flowing gas. The final experimental part deals with the measurement of VA characteristics and oscillation characteristics of the current, and with the determinativ of gliding arc ignitron for selected of nitrogen and methane gases at various flow rates. The values of ignition voltage for variol mixtures of gases have been compared. Furthermore, the properties various combinations of gases at different gas flow rates have been evaluated. Measurements were carried out in the plasma laboratory of the Faculty of Chemistry BUT in the plasma reactor at the atmospheric pressure.
|
|
|
Generation of nanoparticles by electrical discharge in liquids
Čechová, Ludmila ; Horák, Jakub (referee) ; Kozáková, Zdenka (advisor)
This thesis focuses on the process of nanoparticle generation by electric discharge in liquids. The theoretical part is focused on generation of electric discharge in liquids, various methods of preparation of nanoparticles, including plasmachemical methods and methods of nanoparticle characterization. The experimental part deals with the preparation of silver nanoparticles. As a precursor for generation of nanoparticles by electric discharge, an aqueous solution of silver nitrate was used. The influence of experimental conditions, such as the influence of voltage polarity, influence of delivered power, effect of concentration, effect of added electrolyte and time course of nanoparticle formation were studied. All samples were analyzed by UV-VIS spectrometry. To confirm the presence of nanoparticles in the solution, one of the samples was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersion spectrometer for elemental analysis. Plasma diagnostics was performed using optical emission spectroscopy.
|
|
|
Effects of electrical discharges on the Mars´ atmosphere
Fojtíková, Nikola ; Horák, Jakub (referee) ; Kozáková, Zdenka (advisor)
The aim of this thesis was to study the effects of electric discharge on the atmosphere simu-lating conditions on Mars. This bachelor thesis is focused on simulation of Mars atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and normal laboratory temperature. Mars's atmosphere was more like Earth in the past. Mars is mostly composed of carbon dioxide, which accounts for more than 90% of Mars' atmosphere. To study the Mars atmosphere simulation, glow discharge generated in the reactor at atmospheric pressure was used at a CO2 flow (100 sccm) and dis-charge current of 20, 30 and 40 mA. A part of the measurements was focused on the influ-ence of hydrogen addition at different flow rates. The measurement time course with differ-ent measurement changes was also recorded. Reaction products were analysed using a pro-ton ion mass spectrometer and a flight time analyser. A high amount of aliphatic hydrocar-bons and their derivates, especially alcohols, was detected as well as several cyclic struc-tures. The main products identified in all experiments with a substantial concentration were molecules of ethen, ethane, ethanol, acetone, pentane, benzene and others.
|
|
|
Diagnostics of plasma generated in the atmosphere simulating Mars
Fojtíková, Nikola ; RNDr. Martin Ferus, Ph.D., (referee) ; Kozáková, Zdenka (advisor)
The aim of the diploma thesis was the diagnostics of plasma generated in the atmosphere simulating conditions on Mars. This diploma thesis is focused on the simulation of Mars’ atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and normal laboratory temperature. Due to the similar conditions of Mars' atmosphere with Earth, this planet has been explored in the past as well as up to now. Mars' atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide, which makes up more than 90 % of Mars' atmosphere. A glow discharge generated in a special reactor at atmospheric pressure at a flow of pure CO2 was used to simulate the atmosphere of Mars. Part of the measurement was performed only in pure CO2 with changing current of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mA. Part of the measurements was focused on the study of the effect of the addition of various gases, such as nitrogen, hydrogen and methane, at changes in their flow rates of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 sccm. The products formed in the special reactor were analysed using a mass spectrometer with proton ionization and with a flight time analyser. Optical emission spectrometry was used for plasma diagnostics and composition. Mainly simple aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were detected. With increasing flow rates of the individual gases, more complex aromatic compounds with higher molecular weights were formed. Corresponding mass and optical emission spectra were measured simultaneously.
|
|
|
Study of electrical stress of slot insulations
Jabůrek, Ladislav ; Rozsívalová, Zdenka (referee) ; Frk, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor works deals with electrical effort problems of dielectric materials. The general aim is study of impact alternating electric field of great effort on slot insulation Nomex-Kapton-Nomex. Measurement of loss is realised by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in frequency domain method. The another aim is apprise of electrical aeging, its causes and incidence on materials. Works deals below dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in time domain and frequency domain, fundamental effect in dielectric and measurement values coherent with electrical aeging.
|
|
|
Influence of Change in Frequency of the Supply Current to the Operational Parameters of the Discharge Light Sources
Kuptsov, Alexander ; Škoda, Jan (referee) ; Krbal, Michal (advisor)
The master’s thesis is devoted to exploiting of gas-discharge lamps and their dependence on frequency of the supply current. The first part describes the theory of discharge, its types and properties, terms of its origin, and ways of its exploitation. The second part concerns electrical ballast systems of gas discharge light sources, inductive (reactive) and electronic ballasts, principles of their functioning, advantages and disadvantages, and the comparison of their properties. The following chapters deal with low-pressure and high-pressure gas-discharged lamps, compare their properties and describe exploitation of fluorescent lamps. Before conducting laboratory experiments the influence of frequency of the supply current on different properties of gas-discharge lamps was described. Besides, simulation of basic electric parameters of high-pressure gas-discharged lamps was implemented in the program SIMULINK/MATLAB. As a result, the received graphs show the dependence of current, voltage and electric power on time. Another simulation included building of dynamic current-voltage characteristics at various frequencies of the supply current. Preparations for the laboratory experiment and the experiment itself were implemented. Compact and tube low-pressure fluorescent lamps were measured. The received graphs show the influence of change in frequency of the current on the operational parameters of the discharge light sources.
|
|
|
Spectroscopic analysis of an electric arc
Hartman, Tadeáš ; Kloc, Petr (referee) ; Šimek, David (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with spectroscopic diagnostics of electric arcs. The first part explains the creation and properties of electric discharges, especially electric arcs. Methods for composition and temperature analysis of electric arcs are also given there. The next part deals with practical use of these methods for identification of elements contained in electrodes between which an arc discharge was happening, measurement of the arc temperature and also measurement of the temperature of the electrodes. In the last part, these methods are also used for the analysis of time progression of composition and temperature of an electric arc created on a contactor's contacts with the resistive load.
|
|
|
Plasma speaker - audio modulated electric arc
Klein, Ondřej ; Červinka, Dalibor (referee) ; Martiš, Jan (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with design and realization of electric arc modulated by audio signal. It is also known as plasma speaker. Absence of any mechanical components gives membranless speaker no frequency limitation. The design consist of single circuits as power sources for power and control section, control electronics, which modulates the signal, and power section, which reproduce signal in form of sound.
|
|
|
Arc optical diagnostics
Čermák, Jiří ; Valenta, Jiří (referee) ; Dohnal, Petr (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to sort out the individual types of electric discharges, explain the ionization inside the plazma of the electric arc and the elucidation of the energetic balance inside the plazma. The electric arc is an undesirable and hardly predictable phenomenon occurring in switching devices during switching on and switching off the electric circuit. Some older methods of image processing obtained by a high-speed camera are also mentioned. Based on the images obtained from the camera, it is possible to make an equidensity or an equidensitogram that is used to monitor the arc in a quenching chamber. The second part includes the description of an experiment performed in a laboratory and the description of the high-speed camera used during this experiment. A modern method of the image processing using software Matlab is also described. An equidensitogram showing different levels of radioation was made in Matlab from the obtained images.
|
guest ::
